THE INCREDIBLE POWER OF THE NOSE
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Reviews foundational nasal anatomy and functions (air conditioning, filtration).
Link: https://www.immunology.theclinics.com/article/S0889-8561(03)00107-3/fulltext
Explains ciliary motion, mucociliary clearance, and respiratory defense functions.
Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17009929/
Quantifies nasal resistance (50% of total airway) and describes the biophysical conditioning of inhaled air.
Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18565805/
Describes diaphragm-led slow breathing, vagal stimulation, and autonomic regulation
Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16624497/
Landmark paper demonstrating exceptionally high NO output in the human paranasal sinuses, establishing nasal NO as a major contributor to pulmonary oxygen uptake.
Link: https://www.nature.com/articles/nm0495-370
Identifies high nitric oxide (NO) levels from paranasal sinuses and details their physiological impact on gas exchange
Link: https://thorax.bmj.com/content/54/10/947
Demonstrates NO’s effect on oxygenation related to sinus output.
Link: https://www.paulwulleman.be/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Lundberg1996.pdf
Shows NO’s crucial bronchodilator and vasodilator effects in pulmonary tissue.
Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10598133/
Runners achieved similar VO2 max with 22% fewer breaths/min and reduced minute ventilation, demonstrating improved breathing economy.
Link: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325521734_Effect_of_Nasal_Versus_Oral_Breathing_on_Vo2max_and_Physiological_Economy_in_Recreational_Runners_Following_an_Extended_Period_Spent_Using_Nasally_Restricted_Breathing
Randomized trial comparing NN vs NM vs MM breathing; nasal routes improved endurance and oxygenation.
Link: https://bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13102-024-00840-6
Six-week nasal breathing training improved VO2 peak and ventilatory efficiency in young basketball players.
Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34821493/
Academic thesis confirming breathing-economy and oxygenation benefits in trained athletes, particularly reductions in minute ventilation at submaximal intensities.
Link: https://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/entities/publication/95486723-f5b9-4824-95e3-ea7214686e5b
Defines the Bohr effect, increased CO2 promotes oxygen release to working muscles.
Link: https://books.google.co.nz/books/about/Respiratory_Physiology.html
Demonstrates higher CO2 tolerance and improved ventilatory efficiency during controlled breathing.
Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31286240
Shows inspiratory muscle work can trigger a metaboreflex diverting blood from limbs; training mitigates it.
Link: https://journals.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/ajpheart.00798.2001
Primary evidence of the respiratory muscle metaboreflex: high breathing work diverts cardiac output from locomotor muscles, explaining fatigue delays when respiratory muscles are conditioned.
Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9134907/
Follow-up to the 1997 metaboreflex paper, quantifying the redistribution of blood flow and oxygen delivery under elevated inspiratory load.
Link: https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/jappl.2000.89.1.131
Systematic review demonstrating that slow breathing lowers blood pressure (BP) and cortisol, and improves Heart Rate Variability (HRV).
Link: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2018.00353/full
BMJ clinical study showing that breathing at 6 breaths per minute during recitation or mantra increases heart-rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity, confirming parasympathetic activation with slow nasal breathing.
Link: https://www.bmj.com/content/323/7327/1446
Demonstrates parasympathetic activation and HRV increase during controlled breathing.
Link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5316555/
Demonstrates immediate autonomic/HRV improvement with nasal route, lowering diastolic blood pressure and increasing parasympathetic contributions.
Link: https://journals.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/ajpregu.00148.2023
Objective polysomnography (PSG) showed approximately 30% snoring reduction with external nasal dilator strips in patients with chronic rhinitis.
Link: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/10885415
Placebo-controlled trial reporting an approximate 33% reduction in snoring event frequency among habitual snorers using an external nasal dilator.
Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9707518/
Randomized, placebo-controlled trial demonstrating that the external nasal dilator reduced subjective and objective snoring in habitual snorers.
Link: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/13921093_Effect_of_Breathe_Right_nasal_strip_on_snoring
Randomized crossover trial showing reductions in snoring frequency/intensity among snorers experiencing nasal obstruction.
Link: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/11345160
Systematic review aggregating clinical results for nasal dilators and identifying ideal candidates for this intervention.
Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28070421/
Demonstrates the antiviral activity of Nitric Oxide (NO) against coronaviruses in an in vitro replication cycle study.
Link: https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/JVI.79.3.1966-1969.2005
fMRI/EEG study showing that nasal airflow synchronizes limbic and cortical activity, enhancing memory and emotional processing compared with oral breathing.
Link: https://www.jneurosci.org/content/36/49/12448
Links chronic mouth breathing to altered craniofacial growth, showing the negative long-term developmental consequences of oral respiration.
Link: https://www.scielo.br/j/jped/a/hrC4mVvGdXwYgQhhpGyf3Pg/?lang=en&format=pdf
Associates chronic mouth breathing with malocclusion and narrowed dental arches due to incorrect tongue and jaw posture. Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20824738/
Provides a modern review of the effects of chronic oral-breathing on dental and airway health, emphasizing structural changes.
Link: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.929165/full
Explains the prevalence and evaluation methods for nasal valve compromise, which is the most common site of airway restriction.
Link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0030666509000073
Provides consensus guidelines from leading clinicians on the causes and management strategies for nasal restriction.
Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20620619/
Used acoustic rhinometry to find that external nasal dilators increase nasal valve area by 17% and reduce nasal resistance by 33%
Link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165587613003005
Demonstrates that external nasal dilator strips allow a longer nasal-only breathing window and maintain higher nasal airflow before the required switch to mouth breathing during exercise.
Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10638341/
Journal of Applied Physiology study quantifying that external nasal dilator strips reduce inspiratory resistance and work of breathing during exercise, supporting claims of improved airflow and breathing efficiency.
Link: https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/jappl.2000.89.3.1114
Acoustic rhinometry and rhinomanometry study showing significant increases in nasal valve area and reduced resistance in healthy volunteers using nasal strips.
Link: https://www.rhinologyjournal.com/Rhinology_issues/441.pdf
Provides a systematic review summarizing the evidence on nasal dilators across various applications including sport, sleep, and congestion relief.
Link: https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/4234285
Meta-analysis concluding that external nasal dilator strips (ENDS) do not produce a statistically significant acute improvement in objective maximal performance measures (VO2 max) for "healthy" adults.
Link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32683573/
Systematic review noting that nasal obstruction has a prevalence close to 30% in Europe, approximately 1 in 3 adults
Link: https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/pdf/10.1055/s-0044-1782527.pdf
UK study stating the prevalence of nasal blockage is “just over 30%", approximately 1 in 3 adults.
Link: https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10046749/1/Patient%20experience%202018%20manuscript.pdf